R

R (named ar Template:IPAc-en^[1]) is the aichteent letter o the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

History

Egyptian hieroglyph t	Phoenician Resh	Etruscan R	Greek Rho	Later Etruscan R
<hiero>D1</hiero>

The oreeginal Semitic letter mey hae been inspired bi an Egyptian hieroglyph for tp, "head". It wis uised for Template:IPA bi Semites acause in thair leid, the wird for "heid" wis rêš (an aa the name o the letter). It developed intae Greek 'Ρ' Template:Lang (rhô) an Latin R. It is likely that some Etruscan an Wastren Greek fairms o the letter addit the extra stroke tae distinguish it frae a later fairm o the letter P.

The name o the letter in Latin wis er (Template:IPA), follaein the pattern o ither letters representin continuants, sic as F, L, M, N, an S. This name is preserved in French an mony ither leids. In Middlin Inglis, the name o the letter chynged frae Template:IPA tae Template:IPA, follaein a pattern exhibitit in mony ither wirds sic as farm (compare French ferme), an star (compare German Stern).

The minuscule (lowercase) fairm as 'r' developed throu several variations on the caipital fairm. In haundwritin it wis common nae tae close the bottom o the luip but continue intae the leg, savin an extra pen stroke. The luip-leg stroke shortened intae the semple arc uised the day. Anither minuscule, r rotunda (ꝛ), kept the luip-leg stroke but dropped the vertical stroke, altho it fell oot o uise aroond the 18t century.

Uisage

Template:See also

In science, the letter R is a seembol for the gas constant. Mathematicians uise 'R' or $ℝ$ (an R in blackboard bold, displayed as Template:Unicode in Unicode) for the set o aw real nummers.

R represents a rhotic consonant in mony leids, as shawn in the table ablo. The Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet uises several variations o the letter tae represent the different rhotic consonants; Template:IPA represents the alveolar trill.

Alveolar trill Template:IPA	Listen	some dialects o Breetish Inglis or in emphatic speech, staundart Dutch, Finnish, Galician, German in some dialects, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Czech, Lithuanie, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian maistly in the northwast, Polish, Catalan, Portuguese (tradeetional fairm), Romanian, Scots, Spaingie an Albanie 'rr', Swadish, Welsh
Alveolar approximant Template:IPA	Listen	Inglis (maist varieties), Dutch in some Dutch dialects (in specific poseetions o wirds), Swadish, Faroese, Sicilian
Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap Template:IPA	Listen	Portuguese, Catalan, Spainyie an Albanian 'r', Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Galician, Leonese, Norwegian, Erse
Voiced retroflex fricative Template:IPA	Listen	Norwegian aroond Tromsø, Spainyie uised as an allophone o /r/ in some Sooth American accents; Staundart Cheenese (in pinyin); Vietnamese (soothren dialects)
Retroflex approximant Template:IPA	Listen	some varieties o American Inglis; Staundart Cheenese (in pinyin); an Gutnish
Retroflex flap Template:IPA	Listen	Norwegian when follaeed bi <d>, whiles in Scottis Inglis
Uvular trill Template:IPA	Listen	German stage staundart; some Dutch dialects (in Brabant an Limburg, an some ceety dialects in The Netherlands), Swadish in Soothren Swaden, Norwegian in wastren an soothren pairts
Voiced uvular fricative Template:IPA	Listen	German, Danish, French, staundart European Portuguese 'rr', staundart Brazilian Portuguese 'rr', Puerto Rican Spainyie 'rr' an 'r-', Norwegian in wastren an soothren pairts.

Ither leids mey uise the letter 'r' in thair alphabets (or Latin transleeterations schemes) tae represent rhotic consonants different frae the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it represents a soond sae weak that it is eften written interchyngeably wi 'w', e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.

Brazilian Portuguese haes a great nummer o allophones o Template:IPAslink sic as Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink an Template:IPAblink, the latter three anes can be uised anly in certaint contexts (Template:IPAblink an Template:IPAblink as 'rr'; Template:IPAblink in the syllable coda, as an allophone o Template:IPAslink accordin tae the European Portuguese norm an Template:IPAslink accordin tae the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Uisually at least twa o them are present in a single dialect, sic as Rio de Janeiro's Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink an, for a few speakers, Template:IPAblink.